NW Doc

Cloud storage means "the storage of data online in the cloud," wherein a company's data is stored in and accessible from multiple distributed and connected resources that comprise a cloud.

Cloud storage can provide the benefits of greater accessibility and reliability; rapid deployment; strong protection for data backup, archival and disaster recovery purposes; and lower overall storage costs as a result of not having to purchase, manage and maintain expensive hardware. However, cloud storage does have the potential for security and compliance concerns.

There are four main types of cloud storage:
Personal Cloud Storage

Also known as mobile cloud storage, personal cloud storage is a subset of public cloud storage that applies to storing an individual's data in the cloud and providing the individual with access to the data from anywhere. It also provides data syncing and sharing capabilities across multiple devices. Apple's iCloud is an example of personal cloud storage.
Public Cloud Storage

Cloud storage where the enterprise and storage service provider are separate and there aren't any cloud resources stored in the enterprise's data center. The cloud storage provider fully manages the enterprise's public cloud storage.
Private Cloud Storage

A form of cloud storage where the enterprise and cloud storage provider are integrated in the enterprise's data center. In private cloud storage, the storage provider has infrastructure in the enterprise's data center that is typically managed by the storage provider. Private cloud storage helps resolve the potential for security and performance concerns while still offering the advantages of cloud storage.
Hybrid Cloud Storage

A combination of public and private cloud storage where some critical data resides in the enterprise's private cloud while other data is stored and accessible from a public cloud storage provider.

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Recently, with the boom of file servers all around the world and the overwhelming global prevalence of the popular Rapidshare.com, a huge mass of people have started to download movies, which can be obtained without a single penny (albeit for the connection you pay your ISP) . And while downloading video is your past-time hobby, some groups like aXXo, Diamond, Pukka, DMT amongst others, which you might have come across, have built a fame and encrusted their name on movie blogs. See a list of uploaders here.

Meanwhile, you might have come across tags like CAM, TELESYNC (TS) , DVDRIP, SCREENER (SCR), PROPER, REPACKED etc. The rest of this article is a short description of these words.

Quality/Sources

CAM

A cam is a theater rip usually done with a digital video camera. A mini tripod is sometimes used, but a lot of the time this wont be possible, so the camera make shake. Also seating placement isn't always idle, and it might be filmed from an angle. If cropped properly, this is hard to tell unless there's text on the screen, but a lot of times these are left with triangular borders on the top and bottom of the screen. Sound is taken from the onboard microphone of the camera, and especially in comedies, laughter can often be heard during the film. Due to these factors picture and sound quality are usually quite poor, but sometimes we're lucky, and the theater will be fairly empty and a fairly clear signal will be heard.

TELESYNC (TS)

A telesync is the same spec as a CAM except it uses an external audio source (most likely an audio jack in the chair for hard of hearing people). A direct audio source does not ensure a good quality audio source, as a lot of background noise can interfere. A lot of the times a telesync is filmed in an empty cinema or from the projection booth with a professional camera, giving a better picture quality. Quality ranges drastically, check the sample before downloading the full release. A high percentage of Telesyncs are CAMs that have been mislabeled.

TELECINE (TC)

A telecine machine copies the film digitally from the reels. Sound and picture should be very good, but due to the equipment involved and cost telecines are fairly uncommon. Generally the film will be in correct aspect ratio, although 4:3 telecines have existed. A great example is the JURASSIC PARK 3 TC done last year. TC should not be confused with TimeCode , which is a visible counter on screen throughout the film.

SCREENER (SCR)

A pre VHS tape, sent to rental stores, and various other places for promotional use. A screener is supplied on a VHS tape, and is usually in a 4:3 (full screen) a/r, although letterboxed screeners are sometimes found. The main draw back is a "ticker" (a message that scrolls past at the bottom of the screen, with the copyright and anti-copy telephone number). Also, if the tape contains any serial numbers, or any other markings that could lead to the source of the tape, these will have to be blocked, usually with a black mark over the section. This is sometimes only for a few seconds, but unfortunately on some copies this will last for the entire film, and some can be quite big. Depending on the equipment used, screener quality can range from excellent if done from a MASTER copy, to very poor if done on an old VHS recorder thru poor capture equipment on a copied tape. Most screeners are transferred to VCD, but a few attempts at SVCD have occurred, some looking better than others.

DVD-SCREENER (DVDscr)

Same premise as a screener, but transferred off a DVD. Usually letterbox , but without the extras that a DVD retail would contain. The ticker is not usually in the black bars, and will disrupt the viewing. If the ripper has any skill, a DVDscr should be very good. Usually transferred to SVCD or DivX/XviD.

DVDRip

A copy of the final released DVD. If possible this is released PRE retail (for example, Star Wars episode 2) again, should be excellent quality. DVDrips are released in SVCD and DivX/XviD.

VHSRip

Transferred off a retail VHS, mainly skating/sports videos and XXX releases.

TVRip

TV episode that is either from Network (capped using digital cable/satellite boxes are preferable) or PRE-AIR from satellite feeds sending the program around to networks a few days earlier (do not contain "dogs" but sometimes have flickers etc) Some programs such as WWF Raw Is War contain extra parts, and the "dark matches" and camera/commentary tests are included on the rips. PDTV is capped from a digital TV PCI card, generally giving the best results, and groups tend to release in SVCD for these. VCD/SVCD/DivX/XviD rips are all supported by the TV scene.

WORKPRINT (WP)

A workprint is a copy of the film that has not been finished. It can be missing scenes, music, and quality can range from excellent to very poor. Some WPs are very different from the final print (Men In Black is missing all the aliens, and has actors in their places) and others can contain extra scenes (Jay and Silent Bob) . WPs can be nice additions to the collection once a good quality final has been obtained.

DivX Re-Enc

A DivX re-enc is a film that has been taken from its original VCD source, and re-encoded into a small DivX file. Most commonly found on file sharers, these are usually labeled something like Film.Name.Group(1of2) etc. Common groups are SMR and TND. These aren't really worth downloading, unless you're that unsure about a film u only want a 200mb copy of it. Generally avoid.

Watermarks

A lot of films come from Asian Silvers/PDVD (see below) and these are tagged by the people responsible. Usually with a letter/initials or a little logo, generally in one of the corners. Most famous are the "Z" "A" and "Globe" watermarks.

Asian Silvers / PDVD

These are films put out by eastern bootleggers, and these are usually bought by some groups to put out as their own. Silvers are very cheap and easily available in a lot of countries, and its easy to put out a release, which is why there are so many in the scene at the moment, mainly from smaller groups who don't last more than a few releases. PDVDs are the same thing pressed onto a DVD. They have removable subtitles, and the quality is usually better than the silvers. These are ripped like a normal DVD, but usually released as VCD.

R5 LiNE

An R5 DVD rip with usually English audio dubbed over.

R5

In the world of movie piracy, R5, or Region 5, is a kind of professional release to counter the widespread of Telecines. Studios release these R5 retails in Russia much earlier than a movie would actually appear on DVD.

Quality is almost always better than TS or CAM and a little better/the same as a Screener.

Formats

VCD

VCD is an mpeg1 based format, with a constant bitrate of 1150kbit at a resolution of 352×240 (NTCS). VCDs are generally used for lower quality transfers (CAM/TS/TC/Screener(VHS)/TVrip(analogue) in order to make smaller file sizes, and fit as much on a single disc as possible. Both VCDs and SVCDs are timed in minutes, rather than MB, so when looking at an mpeg, it may appear larger than the disc capacity, and in reality u can fit 74min on a CDR74.

SVCD

SVCD is an mpeg2 based (same as DVD) which allows variable bit-rates of up to 2500kbits at a resolution of 480×480 (NTSC) which is then decompressed into a 4:3 aspect ratio when played back. Due to the variable bit-rate, the length you can fit on a single CDR is not fixed, but generally between 35-60 Mins are the most common. To get a better SVCD encode using variable bit-rates, it is important to use multiple "passes". this takes a lot longer, but the results are far clearer.

XVCD/XSVCD

These are basically VCD/SVCD that don't obey the "rules". They are both capable of much higher resolutions and bit-rates, but it all depends on the player to whether the disc can be played. X(S)VCD are total non-standards, and are usually for home-ripping by people who don't intend to release them.

DivX / XviD

DivX is a format designed for multimedia platforms. It uses two codecs, one low motion, one high motion. most older films were encoded in low motion only, and they have problems with high motion too. A method known as SBC (Smart Bit-rate Control) was developed which switches codecs at the encoding stage, making a much better print. The format is Ana orphic and the bit-rate/resolution are interchangeable. Due to the higher processing power required, and the different codecs for playback, its unlikely we'll see a DVD player capable of play DivX for quite a while, if at all. There have been players in development which are supposedly capable, but nothing has ever arisen. The majority of PROPER DivX rips (not Re-Encs) are taken from DVDs, and generally up to 2hours in good quality is possible per disc. Various codecs exist, most popular being the original Divx3.11a and the new XviD codecs.

CVD

CVD is a combination of VCD and SVCD formats, and is generally supported by a majority of DVD players. It supports MPEG2 bit-rates of SVCD, but uses a resolution of 352×480(ntsc) as the horizontal resolution is generally less important. Currently no groups release in CVD.

DVD-R

Is the recordable DVD solution that seems to be the most popular (out of DVD-RAM, DVD-R and DVD+R). it holds 4.7gb of data per side, and double sided discs are available, so discs can hold nearly 10gb in some circumstances. SVCD mpeg2 images must be converted before they can be burnt to DVD-R and played successfully. DVD>DVDR copies are possible, but sometimes extras/languages have to be removed to stick within the available 4.7gb.

MiniDVD

MiniDVD/cDVD is the same format as DVD but on a standard CDR/CDRW. Because of the high resolution/bit-rates, its only possible to fit about 18-21 mins of footage per disc, and the format is only compatible with a few players.

Misc Info

Regional Coding

This was designed to stop people buying American DVDs and watching them earlier in other countries, or for older films where world distribution is handled by different companies. A lot of players can either be hacked with a chip, or via a remote to disable this.

RCE

RCE (Regional Coding Enhancement) was designed to overcome "Multiregion" players, but it had a lot of faults and was overcome. Very few titles are RCE encoded now, and it was very unpopular.

Macrovision

Macrovision is the copy protection employed on most commercial DVDs. Its a system that will display lines and darken the images of copies that are made by sending the VHS signals it can't understand. Certain DVD players (for example the Dansai 852 from Tescos) have a secret menu where you can disable the macrovision, or a "video stabaliser" costs about 30UKP from Maplin (www.maplin.co.uk)

NTSC/PAL

NTSC and PAL are the two main standards used across the world. NTSC has a higher frame rate than pal (29fps compared to 25fps) but PAL has an increased resolution, and gives off a generally sharper picture. Playing NTSC discs on PAL systems seems a lot easier than vice-versa, which is good news for the Brits An RGB enabled scart lead will play an NTSC picture in full colour on most modern tv sets, but to record this to a VHS tape, you will need to convert it to PAL50 (not PAL60 as the majority of DVD players do.) This is either achieved by an expensive converter box (in the regions of £200+) an onboard converter (such as the Dansai 852 / certain Daewoos / Samsung 709 ) or using a World Standards VCR which can record in any format.

News Sites

There are generally 2 news sites, and I'm allowed to be biased For Games/Apps/Console :: www.theisonews.com is generally regarded as the best, but for VCD/SVCD/DivX/TV/XXX www.vcdquality.com displays screen grabs and allows feedback. **NOTICE** neither site offers movie downloads, and requesting movies/trades etc on the forums of either is NOT permitted.

Release Files

RARset

The movies are all supplied in RAR form, whether its v2 (rar>.rxx) or v3 (part01.rar > partxx.rar) form.

BIN/CUE

VCD and SVCD films will extract to give a BIN/CUE. Load the .CUE into notepad and make sure the first line contains only a filename, and no path information. Then load the cue into Nero/CDRWin etc and this will burn the VCD/SVCD correctly. TV rips are released as MPEG. DivX files are just the plain DivX - .AVI

NFO

An NFO file is supplied with each movie to promote the group, and give general iNFOrmation about the release, such as format, source, size, and any notes that may be of use. They are also used to recruit members and acquire hardware for the group.

SFV

Also supplied for each disc is an SFV file. These are mainly used on site level to check each file has been uploaded correctly, but are also handy for people downloading to check they have all the files, and the CRC is correct. A program such as pdSFV or hkSFV is required to use these files.

Usenet Information

Access

To get onto newsgroups, you will need a news server. Most ISPs supply one, but this is usually of poor retention (the amount of time the files are on server for) and poor completition (the amount of files that make it there). For the best service, a premium news server should be paid for, and these will often have bandwidth restrictions in place

Software

You will need a newsreader to access the files in the binary newsgroups. There are many different readers, and its usually down to personal opinion which is best. Xnews / Forte Agent / BNR 1 / BNR 2 are amongst the popular choices. Outlook has the ability to read newsgroups, but its recommended to not use that.

Format

Usenet posts are often the same as those listed on VCDQUALiTY (i.e., untouched group releases) but you have to check the filenames and the description to make sure you get what you think you are getting. Generally releases should come down in .RAR sets. Posts will usually take more than one day to be uploaded, and can be spread out as far as a week.

PAR files

As well as the .rxx files, you will also see files listed as .pxx/.par . These are PARITY files. Parity files are common in usenet posts, as a lot of times, there will be at least one or two damaged files on some servers. A parity file can be used to replace ANY ONE file that is missing from the rar set. The more PAR files you have, the more files you can replace. You will need a program called SMARTPAR for this.

Scene Tags

PROPER

Due to scene rules, whoever releases the first Telesync has won that race (for example). But if the quality of that release is fairly poor, if another group has another telesync (or the same source in higher quality) then the tag PROPER is added to the folder to avoid being duped. PROPER is the most subjective tag in the scene, and a lot of people will generally argue whether the PROPER is better than the original release. A lot of groups release PROPERS just out of desperation due to losing the race. A reason for the PROPER should always be included in the NFO.

SUBBED

In the case of a VCD, if a release is subbed, it usually means it has hard encoded subtitles burnt throughout the movie. These are generally in malaysian/chinese/thai etc, and sometimes there are two different languages, which can take up quite a large amount of the screen. SVCD supports switch able subtitles, so some DVDRips are released with switch able subs. This will be mentioned in the NFO file if included.

UNSUBBED

When a film has had a subbed release in the past, an Unsubbed release may be released

LIMITED

A limited movie means it has had a limited theater run, generally opening in less than 250 theaters, generally smaller films (such as art house films) are released as limited.

INTERNAL

An internal release is done for several reasons. Classic DVD groups do a lot of .INTERNAL. releases, as they wont be dupe'd on it. Also lower quality theater rips are done INTERNAL so not to lower the reputation of the group, or due to the amount of rips done already. An INTERNAL release is available as normal on the groups affiliate sites, but they can't be traded to other sites without request from the site ops. Some INTERNAL releases still trickle down to IRC/Newsgroups, it usually depends on the title and the popularity. Earlier in the year people referred to Centropy going "internal". This meant the group were only releasing the movies to their members and site ops. This is in a different context to the usual definition.

STV

Straight To Video. Was never released in theaters, and therefore a lot of sites do not allow these.

ASPECT RATIO TAGS

These are *WS* for widescreen (letterbox) and *FS* for Fullscreen.

RECODE

A recode is a previously released version, usually filtered through TMPGenc to remove subtitles, fix color etc. Whilst they can look better, its not looked upon highly as groups are expected to obtain their own sources.

REPACK

If a group releases a bad rip, they will release a Repack which will fix the problems.

NUKED

A film can be nuked for various reasons. Individual sites will nuke for breaking their rules (such as "No Telesyncs") but if the film has something extremely wrong with it (no soundtrack for 20mins, CD2 is incorrect film/game etc) then a global nuke will occur, and people trading it across sites will lose their credits. Nuked films can still reach other sources such as p2p/usenet, but its a good idea to check why it was nuked first in case. If a group realise there is something wrong, they can request a nuke.

NUKE REASONS :: this is a list of common reasons a film can be nuked for (generally DVDRip)

** BAD A/R ** :: bad aspect ratio, ie people appear too fat/thin
** BAD IVTC ** :: bad inverse telecine. process of converting framerates was incorrect.
** INTERLACED ** :: black lines on movement as the field order is incorrect.

DUPE

Dupe is quite simply, if something exists already, then theres no reason for it to exist again without proper reason.

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Computer networks is an interconnection of computers that allows communication, sharing of resources and information. Each groupings are being managed using different methods for organizing computers in the network.

Windows-based computers inside the network automatically creates a workgroup or domain. Computers on local area network or home networks are always part of a workgroup and computers in businesses and offices are usually part of a domain.

Definitions

Network

A group of devices that communicate either wireless or wired using physical connection such as ethernet cable or a phone line.

Workgroup

A group of computers that are connected on a network and share resources such as printer and files. All computers are peers, means no computer has control over another.

Domain

A collection of computers on a computer network that share a common database and security policy. A domain is administered as a unit with common rules and procedures, and each domain must have a unique name. This makes it easy to make changes because any changes are automatically made to all computers. Domain users must provide a password or credentials each time they access the domain. There can be thousands of computers in a domain and different local networks.

Homegroup

This is a unique feature in Windows 7 in which a group of computers on a network shares pictures, music, documents, and printers. A homegroup is protected with a password.

Whenever you insert a USB drive, CD/DVD, etc into your system, Windows automatically launches an Autorun dialog box which allows you to select an action from the given list. You can browse the content, play media files, etc using Autorun dialog box.

To disable Autorun functionality in Windows:

1. Type regedit in RUN or Startmenu searchbox and press Enter. It'll open Registry Editor.

2. Go to following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

If the above key doesn't exist, create it.

3. In right-side pane, create a new DWORD value NoDriveTypeAutoRun and set its value to any of following according to your requirements:

FF - To disable AutoRun on all drives
20 - To disable AutoRun on CD-ROM drives
4 - To disable AutoRun on removable drives
8 - To disable AutoRun on fixed drives
10 - To disable AutoRun on network drives
40 - To disable AutoRun on RAM disks
1 - To disable AutoRun on unknown drives

4. If you want to disable Autorun on a combination of drives, you'll need to calculate sum of the values. For example, if you want to disable Autorun on CD-ROM drives and removable drives, you'll need to set the value to 20+4=24.

5. If you want to restore the Autorun functionality, simply delete the NoDriveTypeAutoRun DWORD value created in Step 3 Or you can set the default value which is given below:

Windows 2000: 95

Windows XP: 91

Windows Server 2003: 95

Windows Vista, Server 2008 and 7: 91

6. If you want to disable Autorun functionality for all users in your system, use the "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE" instead of "HKEY_CURRENT_USER" mentioned in Step 2.

To hide or show any specific Control Panel applet in Windows.

A: For All Windows Versions except Windows 95, 98 & Me

1. Type regedit in RUN dialog box and press Enter. Now go to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\
OR
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Control Panel\

2. Under this key create a new key with the name don't load , so the new path will be:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\don't load
OR
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Control Panel\don't load

3. Now in right-side pane, create new String value. Set its name to the file name of the applet which you want to hide, e.g. if you want to hide Display applet then set its name to Desk.cpl now set its value to no to hide it. If you want to show it again, either set its value to yes or simply delete the String value.

To use the above mentioned method, you'll need to know the .CPL file name of the desired applet. You can search for .CPL in Windows Search or you can use help of following list which contains .cpl file names of almost all default Control Panel applets:
Access.cpl Accessibility
Appwiz.cpl Add or Remove Programs
Bthprops.cpl Bluetooth Devices
Desk.cpl Display
Hdwwiz.cpl Add New Hardware
Inetcpl.cpl Internet Options
Intl.cpl Regional and Language Options
Joy.cpl Game Controllers
Keymgr.cpl Stored User Names and Passwords
Liccpa.cpl Licensing
Main.cpl Mouse
Mlcfg32.cpl Mail
Mmsys.cpl Sound and Audio Devices
Ncpa.cpl Network Connections
Nusrmgr.cpl User Accounts
Nwc.cpl Netware client connectivity
Odbccp32.cpl ODBC Data Source Administrator
Powercfg.cpl Power Options
Sysdm.cpl System
Telephon.cpl Phone and Modem Options
Timedate.cpl Date and Time
Sapi.cpl Speech
Wuaucpl.cpl Automatic Updates
Wscui.cpl Security Center or Action Center

B: For All Windows Versions except Windows 95, 98 & Me

1. Type regedit in RUN dialog box and press Enter. Now go to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies

2. Look for a key "Explorer" under it. If its not present, then create a new one and give it name Explorer.

3. Select "Explorer" key and in right-side pane, create a new DWORD value DisallowCpl and set its value to 1

4. Now create another new key under Explorer key with the name DisallowCpl so the new path will be:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\ Explorer\DisallowCpl

5. Select "DisallowCpl" key and in right-side, create new String value with name 1 and set its value to the applet name which you want to hide.You don't need to use the .cpl file name of applet in this method. You have to put the applet label which you see in Control Panel.

e.g., If you want to hide AutoPlay applet, then create a new String value, give it name 1 and set its value to AutoPlay. If you want to hide more applets, then simply create more String values with names 2, 3 and so on and set their values to the applet label.

C: For All Windows Versions except Windows 95, 98 & Me

In this method, you'll tell Windows which applets should be visible and Windows will automatically hide the rest.

Its useful when you want to show a few specific applets and want to hide remaining applets. So you just need to create a few String values to tell Windows which applets you want to show. It'll save your valuable time.

1. Type regedit in RUN dialog box and press Enter. Now go to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies

2. Look for a key "Explorer" under it. If its not present, then create a new one and give it name Explorer.

3. Select "Explorer" key and in right-side pane, create a new DWORD value RestrictCpl and set its value to 1

4. Now create another new key under Explorer key with the name RestrictCpl so the new path will be:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\ Explorer\RestrictCpl

5. Select "RestrictCpl" key and in right-side, create new String value with name 1 and set its value to the applet name which you want to show.You don't need to use the .cpl file name of applet in this method. You have to put the applet label which you see in Control Panel.

e.g., If you want to show AutoPlay applet, then create a new String value, give it name 1 and set its value to AutoPlay. If you want to show more applets, then simply create more String values with names 2, 3 and so on and set their values to the applet label.

Now Windows will only show the applets which you mentioned in String values, other applets will be hidden.

D: For Windows 95, 98 & Me

1. Open "%windir%\Control.INI" file. Where "%windir%" denotes Windows folder which is present in system drive where Windows is installed.

2. You'll see a line saying [don't load] in the file. If you can't find it, then create a new line at last.

3. Now under this line, you can set .CPL file name of your desired applet which you want to hide in following format:

filename.cpl=no

e.g.,

If you want to hide Display applet, then the syntax will be:

desk.cpl=no

You can create similar lines for other applets which you want to hide. The .CPL file name can be obtained from the list mentioned in A.

Source

Some important and useful restrictions, which can be put in Windows 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008 and 7.

A. Open Registry Editor

To open Registry Editor by providing regedit command in RUN or Start menu Search box and press Enter.

B. Create Registry Key

Go to following keys:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\System

1. Restricting Desktop Properties

Create or modify required DWORD value: NoDispCPL and set its value to 1

2. Restricting Task Manager

Create new DWORD DisableTaskMgr and set its value to 1

3. Restricting Registry Editor

Create new DWORD DisableRegistryTools and set its value to 1

Go to following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

4. Restricting Taskbar Properties

Create new DWORD NoSetTaskbar and set its value to 1

5. Restricting System Properties

Create new DWORD NoPropertiesMyComputer and set its value to 1

6. Restricting Folder Options

Create new DWORD NoFolderOptions and set its value to 1

7. Restricting Control Panel

Create new DWORD NoControlPanel and set its value to 1

8. Restricting Locking/Unlocking of Taskbar

Create new DWORD LockTaskbar and set its value to 1

9. Restricting right-click on Taskbar

Create new DWORD NoTrayContextMenu and set its value to 1

10. Restricting Toolbars in Taskbar

Create new DWORD NoToolbarsOnTaskbar and set its value to 1

11. Restricting drag-and-drop and right-click in Start Menu

Create new DWORD NoChangeStartMenu and set its value to 1

12. Restricting RUN in Start Menu

Create new DWORD NoRun and set its value to 1

13. Restricting Shut Down, Restart, Sleep and Hibernate commands

Create new DWORD NoClose and set its value to 1

14. Restricting Log off in Start Menu

Create new DWORD StartMenuLogOff and set its value to 1

15. Restricting Active Desktop Feature

Create new DWORD NoActiveDesktop and set its value to 1

16. Restricting adding/removing items to/from Toolbars

Create new DWORD NoToolbarCustomize and set its value to 1

17. Restricting adding/removing Toolbars

Create new DWORD NoBandCustomize and set its value to 1

18. Restricting notification at low disk space

Create new DWORD NoLowDiskSpaceChecks and set its value to 1

19. Restricting Command Prompt

Go to following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\System

Create new DWORD DisableCMD and set its value to 2

20. Restricting Writing to USB Drives

Go to following key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Current Control Set\Control\StorageDevicePolicies

Create new DWORD WriteProtect and set its value to 1

21. Restricting "New" option in context menu

Go to following key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Background\shellex\ContextMenu Handlers\New

And delete the value of Default, e.g., empty it.

22. Restricting "Send To" option in context menu

Go to following key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\AllFilesystemObjects\shellex\ContextMenu Handlers\Send To

And delete the value of Default, e.g., empty it.

23. Restricting any desired application

Go to following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer\DisallowRun

Create new String value with any name, like 1 and set its value to the desired program's EXE file.

e.g., If you want to restrict msconfig, then create a String value 1 and set its value to msconfig.exe. If you want to restrict more programs, simply create more String values with names 2, 3 and so on and set their values to the program's exe file.

24. Restricting Drives in My Computer

Go to following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

In right-side pane, create new DWORD NoViewOnDrive and change its value as following:

3 : To Restrict A and B drives only.
4 : To Restrict C drive only.
7 : To Restrict A, B, and C drives only.
8 : To Restrict D drive only.
F : To Restrict A, B, C, and D drives only.
03FFFFFF : To Restrict all drives.

If you want more specific restrictions, like you want to restrict a combination of drives, you can use decimal no. instead of hexadecimal no. Following is a list for all drives decimal no.:

A: 1
B: 2
C: 4
D: 8
E: 16
F: 32
G: 64
H: 128
I: 256
J: 512
K: 1024
L: 2048
M: 4096
N: 8192
O: 16384
P: 32768
Q: 65536
R: 131072
S: 262144
T: 524288
U: 1048576
V: 2097152
W: 4194304
X: 8388608
Y: 16777216
Z: 33554432
ALL: 67108863

*So if you want to disable a combination of drives, just sum their numbers and give the same value to NoViewOnDrive. e.g., for restricting C, D, E and F drives, give the value: 4+8+16+32 = 60

*You can also hide the drives using NoDrives DWORD value. The location and its value remain same as the above trick.

*If you want to remove the restriction, simply delete the DWORD or set its value to 0

Windows 7 Calculator keyboard shortcut keys

Alt + 1 Switch to Standard mode
Alt + 2 Switch to Scientific mode
Alt + 3 Switch to Programmer mode
Alt + 4 Switch to Statistics mode
Ctrl + E Open date calculations
Ctrl + H Turn calculation history on or off
Ctrl + U Open unit conversion
Alt + C Calculate or solve date calculations and worksheets
F1 Open Calculator Help
Ctrl + Q Press the M- button
Ctrl + P Press the M+ button
Ctrl + M Press the MS button
Ctrl + R Press the MR button
Ctrl + L Press the MC button
% Press the % button
F9 Press the +/- button
/ Press the / button
* Press the * button
+ Press the + button
- Press the - button
R Press the 1/× button
@ Press the square root button
0-9 Press the number buttons (0-9)
= Press the = button
. Press the . (decimal point) button
Backspace Press the backspace button
Esc Press the C button
Del Press the CE button
Ctrl + Shift + D Clear the calculation history
F2 Edit the calculation history
Up Arrow key Navigate up in the calculation history
Down Arrow key Navigate down in the calculation history
Esc Cancel editing the calculation history
Enter Recalculate the calculation history after editing
F3 Select Degrees in Scientific mode
F4 Select Radians in Scientific mode
F5 Select Grads in Scientific mode
I Press the Inv button in Scientific mode
D Press the Mod button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + S Press the sinh button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + O Press the cosh button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + T Press the tanh button in Scientific mode
( Press the ( button in Scientific mode
) Press the ) button in Scientific mode
N Press the ln button in Scientific mode
; Press the Int button in Scientific mode
S Press the sin button in Scientific mode
O Press the cos button in Scientific mode
T Press the tan button in Scientific mode
M Press the dms button in Scientific mode
P Press the pi button in Scientific mode
V Press the F-E button in Scientific mode
X Press the Exp button in Scientific mode
Q Press the x^2 button in Scientific mode
Y Press the x^y button in Scientific mode
# Press the x^3 button in Scientific mode
L Press the log button in Scientific mode
! Press the n! button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + Y Press the y?x button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + B Press the 3?x button in Scientific mode
Ctrl + G Press the 10x button in Scientific mode
F5 Select Hex in Programmer mode
F6 Select Dec in Programmer mode
F7 Select Oct in Programmer mode
F8 Select Bin in Programmer mode
F12 Select Qword in Programmer mode
F2 Select Dword in Programmer mode
F3 Select Word in Programmer mode
F4 Select Byte in Programmer mode
K Press the RoR button in Programmer mode
J Press the RoL button in Programmer mode
< Press the Lsh button in Programmer mode
> Press the Rsh button in Programmer mode
% Press the Mod button in Programmer mode
( Press the ( button in Programmer mode
) Press the ) button in Programmer mode
| Press the Or button in Programmer mode
^ Press the Xor button in Programmer mode
~ Press the Not button in Programmer mode
& Press the And button in Programmer mode
A-F Press the A-F buttons in Programmer mode
Spacebar Toggles the bit value in Programmer mode
A Press the Average button in Statistics mode
Ctrl + A Press the Average Sq button in Statistics mode
S Press the Sum button in Statistics mode
Ctrl + S Press the Sum Sq button in Statistics mode
T Press the S.D. button in Statistics mode
Ctrl + T Press the Inv S.D. button in Statistics mode
D Press the CAD button in Statistics mode

Windows 7 Dialog box keyboard shortcut keys

Ctrl + Tab Move forward through tabs
Ctrl + Shift + Tab Move back through tabs
Tab Move forward through options
Shift + Tab Move back through options
Alt + underlined letter Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter
Enter Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
Spacebar Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1 Display Help
F4 Display the items in the active list
Backspace Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box

Windows 7 Ease of Access keyboard shortcut keys

Right Shift for eight seconds Turn Filter Keys on and off
Left Alt + Left Shift + PrtScn (or PrtScn) Turn High Contrast on or off
Left Alt + Left Shift + Num Lock Turn Mouse Keys on or off
Shift five times Turn Sticky Keys on or off
Num Lock for five seconds Turn Toggle Keys on or off
Windows logo key + U Open the Ease of Access Center

Windows 7 General keyboard shortcut keys

F1 Display Help
Ctrl + C (or Ctrl + Insert) Copy the selected item
Ctrl + X Cut the selected item
Ctrl + V (or Shift + Insert) Paste the selected item
Ctrl + Z Undo an action
Ctrl + Y Redo an action
Delete (or Ctrl + D) Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Shift + Delete Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl + Right Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl + Left Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl + Down Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl + Up Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Ctrl + Shift with an arrow key Select a block of text
Shift + any arrow key Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document
Ctrl + any arrow key + Spacebar Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
Ctrl + A Select all items in a document or window
F3 Search for a file or folder
Alt + Enter Display properties for the selected item
Alt + F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
Alt + Spacebar Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Ctrl + F4 Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
Alt + Tab Switch between open items
Ctrl + Alt + Tab Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
Ctrl + Mouse scroll wheel Change the size of icons on the desktop
Windows logo key + Tab Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D
Ctrl+ Windows logo key + Tab Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D
Alt + Esc Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the address bar list in Windows Explorer
Shift + F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Ctrl + Esc Open the Start menu
Alt + underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
Alt + underlined letter Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
Right Arrow Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Left Arrow Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
F5 (or Ctrl + R) Refresh the active window
Alt + Up Arrow View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
Esc Cancel the current task
Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager
Shift when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing
Left Alt + Shift Switch the input language when multiple input languages are enabled
Ctrl + ShiftL Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are enabled
Right or Left Ctrl + Shift Change the reading direction of text in right-to-left reading languages

Windows 7 Magnifier keyboard shortcut keys

Windows logo key + Plus Sign or Minus Sign Zoom in or out
Ctrl + Alt + Spacebar Preview the desktop in full-screen mode
Ctrl + Alt + F Switch to full-screen mode
Ctrl + Alt + L Switch to lens mode
Ctrl + Alt + D Switch to docked mode
Ctrl + Alt + I Invert colors
Ctrl + Alt + arrow keys Pan in the direction of the arrow keys
Ctrl + Alt + R Resize the lens
Windows logo key + Esc Exit Magnifier

Windows 7 Paint keyboard shortcut keys

Ctrl + N Create a new picture
Ctrl + O Open an existing picture
Ctrl + S Save changes to a picture
F12 Save the picture as a new file
Ctrl + P Print a picture
Alt + F4 Close a picture and its Paint window
Ctrl + Z Undo a change
Ctrl + Y Redo a change
Ctrl + A Select the entire picture
Ctrl + X Cut a selection
Ctrl + C Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl + V Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Right Arrow Move the selection or active shape right by one pixel
Left Arrow Move the selection or active shape left by one pixel
Down Arrow Move the selection or active shape down by one pixel
Up Arrow Move the selection or active shape up by one pixel
Esc Cancel a selection
Delete Delete a selection
Ctrl + B Bold selected text
Ctrl + + Increase the width of a brush, line, or shape outline by one pixel
Ctrl + - Decrease the width of a brush, line, or shape outline by one pixel
Ctrl + I Italicize selected text
Ctrl + U Underline selected text
Ctrl + E Open the Properties dialog box
Ctrl + W Open the Resize and Skew dialog box
Ctrl + Page Up Zoom in
Ctrl + Page Down Zoom out
F11 View a picture in full-screen mode
Ctrl + R Show or hide the ruler
Ctrl + G Show or hide gridlines
F10 or Alt Display keytips
Shift + F10 Show the current shortcut menu
F1 Open Paint Help

Windows 7 Remote Desktop Connection keyboard shortcut keys

Alt + Page Up Move between programs from left to right.
Alt + Page Down Move between programs from right to left.
Alt + Insert Cycle through programs in the order that they were started in.
Alt + Home Display the Start menu.
Ctrl + Alt + Break Switch between a window and full screen.
Ctrl + Alt + End Display the Windows Security dialog box.
Alt + Delete Display the system menu.
Ctrl + Alt + Minus Sign (-) on the numeric keypad Place a copy of the active window, within the client, on the Terminal server clipboard (provides the same functionality as pressing Alt + PrtScn on a local computer).
Ctrl + Alt + Plus Sign (+) on the numeric keypad Place a copy of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard (provides the same functionality as pressing PrtScn on a local computer).
Ctrl + Alt + Right Arrow "Tab" out of the Remote Desktop controls to a control in the host program (for example, a button or a text box). Useful when the Remote Desktop controls are embedded in another (host) program.
Ctrl + Alt + Left Arrow "Tab" out of the Remote Desktop controls to a control in the host program (for example, a button or a text box). Useful when the Remote Desktop controls are embedded in another (host) program.

Windows 7 Taskbar keyboard shortcut keys

Shift + Click on a taskbar button Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program
Ctrl + Shift + Click on a taskbar button Open a program as an administrator
Shift + Right-click on a taskbar button Show the window menu for the program
Shift + Right-click on a grouped taskbar button Show the window menu for the group
Ctrl + Click on a grouped taskbar button Cycle through the windows of the group

Windows 7 Windows Explorer keyboard shortcut keys

Ctrl + N Open a new window
Ctrl + W Close the current window
Ctrl + Shift + N Create a new folder
End Display the bottom of the active window
Home Display the top of the active window
F11 Maximize or minimize the active window
Ctrl + Period (.) Rotate a picture clockwise
Ctrl + Comma (,) Rotate a picture counter-clockwise
Num Lock + Asterisk (*) on numeric keypad Display all subfolders under the selected folder
Num Lock + Plus Sign (+) on numeric keypad Display the contents of the selected folder
Num Lock + Minus Sign (-) on numeric keypad Collapse the selected folder
Left Arrow Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the parent folder
Alt + Enter Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item
Alt + P Display the preview pane
Alt + Left Arrow View the previous folder
Backspace View the previous folder
Right Arrow Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first subfolder
Alt + Right Arrow View the next folder
Alt + Up Arrow View the parent folder
Ctrl + Shift + E Display all folders above the selected folder
Ctrl + Mouse scroll wheel Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Alt + D Select the address bar
Ctrl + E Select the search box
Ctrl + F Select the search box

Windows 7 Windows logo key keyboard shortcut keys

Windows 7 Shortcut Key Action / Operation
Windows logo key Open or close the Start menu.
Windows logo key + Pause Display the System Properties dialog box.
Windows logo key + D Display the desktop.
Windows logo key + M Minimize all windows.
Windows logo key + Shift + M Restore minimized windows to the desktop.
Windows logo key + E Open Computer.
Windows logo key + F Search for a file or folder.
Ctrl + Windows logo key + F Search for computers (if you're on a network).
Windows logo key + L Lock your computer or switch users.
Windows logo key + R Open the Run dialog box.
Windows logo key + T Cycle through programs on the taskbar.
Windows logo key + number Start the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the program is already running, switch to that program.
Shift + Windows logo key + number Start a new instance of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Ctrl + Windows logo key + number Switch to the last active window of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Alt + Windows logo key + number Open the Jump List for the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Windows logo key + Tab Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.
Ctrl+Windows logo key + Tab Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.
Ctrl+Windows logo key + B Switch to the program that displayed a message in the notification area.
Windows logo key + Spacebar Preview the desktop.
Windows logo key + Up Arrow Maximize the window.
Windows logo key + Left Arrow Maximize the window to the left side of the screen.
Windows logo key + Right Arrow Maximize the window to the right side of the screen.
Windows logo key + Down Arrow Minimize the window.
Windows logo key + Home Minimize all but the active window.
Windows logo key + Shift + Up Arrow Stretch the window to the top and bottom of the screen.
Windows logo key + Shift+ Left Arrow or Right Arrow Move a window from one monitor to another.
Windows logo key + P Choose a presentation display mode.
Windows logo key + G Cycle through gadgets.
Windows logo key + U Open Ease of Access Center.
Windows logo key + X Open Windows Mobility Center.

Windows 7 Windows Journal keyboard shortcut keys

Ctrl + N Start a new note
Ctrl + O Open a recently used note
Ctrl + S Save changes to a note
Ctrl + Shift + V Move a note to a specific folder
Ctrl + P Print a note
Alt + F4 Close a note and its Journal window
Ctrl + Z Undo a change
Ctrl + Y Redo a change
Ctrl + A Select all items on a page
Ctrl + X Cut a selection
Ctrl + C Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl + V Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Esc Cancel a selection
Delete Delete a selection
Ctrl + F Start a basic find
Ctrl + G Go to a page
F5 Refresh find results
F5 Refresh the note list
F6 Toggle between a note list and a note
Ctrl + Shift + C Display a shortcut menu for column headings in a note list
F11 View a note in full-screen mode
F1 Open Journal Help

Windows 7 Windows Help viewer keyboard shortcut keys

Alt + C Display the Table of Contents
Alt + N Display the Connection Settings menu
F10 Display the Options menu
Alt + Left Arrow Move back to the previously viewed topic
Alt + Right Arrow Move forward to the next (previously viewed) topic
Alt + A Display the customer support page
Alt + Home Display the Help and Support home page
Home Move to the beginning of a topic
End Move to the end of a topic
Ctrl + F Search the current topic
Ctrl + P Print a topic
F3 Move the cursor to the search box

Windows 7 WordPad keyboard shortcut

Ctrl + N Create a new document
Ctrl + O Open an existing document
Ctrl + S Save changes to a document
F12 Save the document as a new file
Ctrl + P Print a document
Alt + F4 Close WordPad
Ctrl + Z Undo a change
Ctrl + Y Redo a change
Ctrl + A Select the entire document
Ctrl + X Cut a selection
Ctrl + C Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl + V Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Ctrl + B Make selected text bold
Ctrl + I Italicize selected text
Ctrl + U Underline selected text
Ctrl + = Make selected text subscript
Ctrl + Shift + = Make selected text superscript
Ctrl + L Align text left
Ctrl + E Align text center
Ctrl + R: Align text right
Ctrl + J Justify text
Ctrl + 1 Set single line spacing
Ctrl + 2 Set double line spacing
Ctrl + 5 Set line spacing to 1.5
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase the font size
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease the font size
Ctrl + Shift + A Change characters to all capitals
Ctrl + Shift + L Change the bullet style
Ctrl + D Insert a Microsoft Paint drawing
Ctrl + F Find text in a document
F3 Find the next instance of the text in the Find dialog box
Ctrl + H Replace text in a document
Ctrl + Left Arrow Move the cursor one word to the left
Ctrl + Right Arrow Move the cursor one word to the right
Ctrl + Up Arrow Move the cursor to the line above
Ctrl + Down Arrow Move the cursor to the line below
Ctrl + Home Move to the beginning of the document
Ctrl + End Move to the end of the document
Ctrl + Page Up Move up one page
Ctrl + Page Down Move down one page
Ctrl + Delete Delete the next word
F10 Display keytips
Shift + F10 Show the current shortcut menu
F1 Open WordPad Help

To repair Windows Advance Option (F8)

The reason for corrupt of Windows Advance Option - Safe mode & other are not work (system restart or error of BSOD) is Virus. Some Virus remove the Windows Advance Option Menu Setting.

To resolve the issue:

The registry keys to boot into Safe Mode are under the SafeBoot key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SafeBoot

You can boot into Safe Mode without or with networking, there is a subkey for each mode: Minimal (no networking) and Network (with networking).

Each device, driver or service that has to be started has a subkey under the Minimal or Network key.

If you want to disable a device, driver or service in Safe Mode, just delete the corresponding subkey (make a backup first).
I tested this with key {4D36E965-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318} (resulted in a disabled CD-ROM drive) and PlugPlay (resulted in a disabled Plug and Play service).

I compared several SafeBoot registry keys for Windows XP SP2 on different hardware platforms, and they were all identical. However, there were some small differences when comparing different operatings systems (Windows XP SP1, SP2 and Windows 2003 SP1). Remember that Safe Mode was introduced with Windows 2000.
These are minor differences, just listing devices, drivers or services that are only present on one version of Windows. For example, I found Volume shadow copy on a Windows 2003 and not on Windows XP. And Windows 2003 also had less network services than Windows XP, this is probably a result of the default hardening of Windows 2003: more services and applications are disabled by default on Windows 2003 than on Windows XP.

To repair you PC for Working of Windows Advance Option Menu insert or check the safe mode registry setting is there if not insert it. If you want to insert the Safe Mode default registry setting than download the attachment & Import it.

Download

Source

When dealing with a Blue Screen of Death at boot - the first option should be to boot into Safe Mode (press F8 during bootup). From safe mode you can run a system restore with %systemroot%\system32\restore\rstrui.exe

Some hardware failures are so severe they prevent booting into Safe Mode.

The recovery console allows an alternative boot option giving a limited command prompt - this can be used to disable services or replace system files until you are able to boot into safe mode.

Recovery Console commands:

ATTRIB   Change file attributes
BATCH    Execute a batch file
CD       Change directory
CHKDSK   Check Disk
CLS      Clear screen
COPY     Copy files*
DEL      Delete Files*
DIR      Directory listing
DISABLE  Disable Service
DISKPART Create or delete disk Partitions (like running setup)
ENABLE   Enable Service
EXIT     Quit the recovery console and reboot
EXPAND
FIXBOOT  Write a new boot sector to the system partition
FIXMBR   Repair the Master boot Record
FORMAT   FORMAT drive /FS:NTFS
HELP
LISTSVC  List all services and drivers
LOGON    Logon as administrator (local)
MAP      List local physical drive mappings
MAP arc  List local physical drive mappings(ARC path)
MD       Make Directory*
MORE
RD       Remove Directory*
REN      Rename file*
SYSTEMROOT Set the current directory to be %Systemroot%

* File operations are only possible on:
  system directories, floppy drive(removable media), Root directories,
  local install sources. You can copy FROM but not TO a floppy disk.

Installation:

The recovery console is not installed by default, from the install CD use the command: D:\i386\winnt32 /cmdcons
Then restart the machine.

TaskList displays all running applications and services with their Process ID (PID) This can be run on either a local or a remote computer.

Syntax
      tasklist options

Options:

   /s computer  Name or IP address of a remote computer
                don't use backslashes. Default = local computer.

   /u domain\user [/p password]]
                Run under a different account

   /svc         List information for each process without truncation.
                Valid when /fo=TABLE. Cannot be used with /m or /v

   /m [ModuleName]
                Show the processes that include the given module.

   /v           Verbose task information

   /fo {TABLE|LIST|CSV}]
                Output format, the default is TABLE.

   /nh          No Headers in the output (does not apply to LIST output)

   /fi FilterName [/fi FilterName2 [ ... ]]
                Apply one of the Filters below:

                   Imagename   eq, ne                  String
                   PID         eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le  Positive integer.
                   Session     eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le  Any valid session number.
                   SessionName eq, ne                  String
                   Status      eq, ne                  RUNNING | NOT RESPONDING
                   CPUTime     eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le  Time hh:mm:ss
                   MemUsage    eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le  Any valid integer.
                   Username    eq, ne                  User name ([Domain\]User).
                   Services    eq, ne                  String
                   Windowtitle eq, ne                  String
                   Modules     eq, ne                  String

Examples:

List the services running under each process:

TASKLIST /svc

List the services running under each SvcHost process:

TASKLIST /FI "imagename eq svchost.exe" /svc

List the services running now:

TASKLIST /v /fi "STATUS eq running"

List the services running under a specific user account:

TASKLIST /v /fi "username eq SERVICE_ACCT05"

Service Control - Create, Start, Stop, Query or Delete any Windows SERVICE. The command options for SC are case sensitive.

Syntax
      SC [\\server] [command] [service_name] [Options]

Key
   server       : The machine where the service is running

   service_name : The KeyName of the service, this is often but not always
                  the same as the DisplayName shown in Control Panel, Services.
                  You can get the KeyName by running: 
                     SC GetKeyName <DisplayName>

   commands:
          query  [qryOpt]   Show status
          queryEx [qryOpt]  Show extended info - pid, flags
          GetDisplayName    Show the DisplayName
          GetKeyName        Show the ServiceKeyName
          EnumDepend        Show Dependencies
          qc                Show config - dependencies, full path etc
          start          START a service.
          stop           STOP a service
          pause          PAUSE a service.
          continue       CONTINUE a service.
          create         Create a service. (add it to the registry)
          config         permanently change the service configuration
          delete         Delete a service (from the registry)
          control        Send a control to a service
          interrogate    Send an INTERROGATE control request to a service
          Qdescription   Query the description of a service
          description    Change the description of a service
          Qfailure       Query the actions taken by a service upon failure
          failure        Change the actions taken by a service upon failure
          sdShow         Display a service's security descriptor using SDDL
          SdSet          Sets a service's security descriptor using SDDL

   qryOpt:
          type= driver|service|all
                         Query specific types of service
          state= active|inactive|all
                         Query services in a particular state only
          bufsize= bytes 
          ri= resume_index_number (default=0)
          group= groupname
                         Query services in a particular group

   Misc commands that don't require a service name:
          SC  QueryLock  Query the LockStatus for the ServiceManager Database.
                         this will show if a service request is running
          SC  Lock       Lock the Service Database
          SC  BOOT       Values are {ok | bad} Indicates whether to save  
                         the last restart configuration as the `last-known-good`
                         restart configuration
   Options
     The CREATE and CONFIG commands allow additional options to be set
     see the build-in help: 'SC create' and 'SC config'

Note the qryOpt options above are case sensitive - they must be entered in lower case, also the position of spaces and = must be exactly as shown.

The SC command duplicates some aspects of the NET command but adds the ability to create a service.
SC query will display if a service is running, giving output like this:

        SERVICE_NAME       : messenger
        TYPE               : 20  WIN32_SHARE_PROCESS
        STATE              : 4  RUNNING
                                (STOPPABLE,NOT_PAUSABLE,ACCEPTS_SHUTDOWN)
        WIN32_EXIT_CODE    : 0  (0x0)
        SERVICE_EXIT_CODE  : 0  (0x0)
        CHECKPOINT         : 0x0
        WAIT_HINT          : 0x0

To retrieve specific information from SC's output, pipe into FIND or FindStr
e.g.

  C:\> SC query messenger | FIND "STATE" | FIND "STOPPED"

  C:\> SC query messenger | FIND "STATE" | FIND "RUNNING"

The statements above will return an %ERRORLEVEL% = 1 if the text is not found

IF errorlevel 1 GOTO :my_subroutine

The NET START command can be used in a similar way to check if a service is running:

   NET START | FIND "Service name" > nul
   IF errorlevel 1 ECHO The service is not running

The service control manager will normally wait up to 30 seconds to allow a service to start - you can modify this time (30,000 milliseconds) in the registry

HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
ServicesPipeTimeout (REG_DWORD)

Some options only take effect at the point when the service is started e.g. the SC config command allows the executable of a service to be changed. When the service next starts up it will run the new executable. Config changes requires the current user to have "permission to configure the service".

Examples:

 SC GetKeyName "task scheduler"
 SC GetDisplayName schedule 
 SC start schedule
 SC QUERY schedule
 SC QUERY type= driver
 SC QUERY state= all |findstr "DISPLAY_NAME STATE" >svc_installed.txt 
 SC \\myServer CONFIG myService obj= LocalSystem password= mypassword
 SC CONFIG MyService binPath=c:\myprogram.exe obj=".\LocalSystem" password=""  

Watch out for extra spaces:
SC QUERY state= all Works
SC QUERY sTate =all Fails!

A list of all the standard services

ServiceName	Service (Key)	Process	Description	Default Status & notes
Alerter	Alerter	Services.exe [HKLM\SYSTEM\ CurrentControlSet\ Services\Alerter\Parameters] [HKLM\SYSTEM\ CurrentControlSet \Services\SysmonLog\Log Queries\<alertname>]	Distribute administrative alerts to specific users or machines. e.g. Performance Monitor thresholds are distributed as alerts. Requires the Messenger and Workstation services to be started.	Manual. May be disabled if the alerts are not needed.
Application Layer Gateway Service	ALG	alg.exe	Support for Internet Connection Sharing and theInternet Connection Firewall	Manual
Application Management	appmgt	Services.exe or svchost.exe	Installation services (Add/Remove Programs) - Assign, Publish, and Remove.	Manual
Automatic Updates	wuaUserv	svchost.exe -k wugroup	Enable the download and installation of critical Windows updates.	Automatic. If the service is stopped, the operating system can be manually updated at the Windows Update Web site.
Background Intelligent Transfer Service	BITS	svchost.exe -k BITSgroup	Transfer files using idle network bandwidth, maintain file transfers through network disconnections and computer restarts.	Automatic switch to manual if you have problems - Q314862
Clipbook Server	Clipsrv	Clipsrv.exe	Provides support for the Clipbook Viewer, which allows the clipboard of the source machine to be accessed remotely.	Disabled
COM+ Event System	Event System	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Automatic distribution of events to subscribing COM components.	Manual
Computer Browser	Browser	Services.exe	Collects the names of NetBIOS resources on the network, creating a list so that it can participate as a master browser or basic browser (one that takes part in browser elections). This maintained list of resources (computers) is displayed in Network Neighborhood and Server Manager. If disabled you can still map drives, but can't browse the whole network.	Automatic. If the machine is not connected to a LAN (stand-alone), or will not participate as a master browser or take part in elections, then feel free to change the status to manual (or disabled) This does not equate to disabling TCP/IP so internet browsing is still possible.
Cryptographic Services	CryptSvc	svchost.exe	Management of Certification Authority certificates. Driver Catalog Database, Protected Root and Key certificate Services.	Automatic
DCOM Server Process Launcher	DcomLaunch	svchost.exe	Launch DCOM services	Automatic
DHCP Client	Dhcp	Services.exe or svchost.exe	Manage network configuration by registering and updating IP addresses and DNS names.	Automatic On a stand-alone machine: Disable
Distributed Link Tracking Client	TrkWks	Services.exe or svchost.exe	Send notification of files moving between NTFS volumes in a network domain.	Automatic Can be set to manual if you dont need this function.
Distributed Transaction Coordinator	msdtc	MSDTC.exe	Coordinate transactions that are distributed across two or more databases, message queues, file systems, or other transaction protected resource managers.	Manual Can be set to Disabled if you dont need this function.
DNS Client	Dnscache	Services.exe	Resolves and caches Domain Name System (DNS) names.	Automatic
Directory Replicator (Server only)	Replicator	Lmrepl.exe	Replicate specified files & folders between computers. The host is the export server, and the target machines are called import computers. Replication is configured under Server in the Control Panel.	Automatic Domain Controllers need this to replicate the Netlogon share.
Error Reporting Service	Ersvc	svchost.exe	Report errors back to Microsoft in Redmond.	Automatic If you never want to report system crash info. to Microsoft set this to disabled.
EventLog	EventLog	Services.exe	Record System, Security, and Application Events. Viewed with the MMC Event Viewer (eventvwr.exe in NT).	Automatic
Fast User Switching Compatibility	FastUserSwitching Compatibility	svchost.exe	Enable multiple users to login to the same PC simultaneously.	Manual
Fax Service	Fax	faxsvc.exe	Send and receive faxes	Automatic or Manual
Help and Support	helpsvc	svchost.exe	Help and Support Center	Automatic. If stopped the help system will stop working.
Human Interface Device Access	HidServ	svchost.exe	Support for extra keyboard 'hot buttons' and other multimedia input devices.	Disabled
HTTP SSL	HTTPFilter	svchost.exe	Support for HTTPS (Secure Socket Layer) websites such as banking and e-commerce.	Manual
IMAPI CD-Burning COM Service	ImapiService	imapi.exe	CD-Rom Burning	Manual If you have problems changing to Automatic may help.
Indexing Service	cisvc	cisvc.exe	Index the contents and properties of files on local and remote computers. [ RESOURCE HOG ]	Manual For improved performance Disable or Uninstall thru C.Panel add/remove
IPSEC Policy Agent	PolicyAgent	lsass.exe	Manage IP security policy and starts the ISAKMP/Oakley (IKE) and the IP security driver.	Automatic May be changed to Manual if IPSec is not needed.
License Logging Service (Server)	LicenseService	Llssrv.exe	License tracking on a server or DC (Domain Controller).	If disabled then licensing status alerts will not be generated.
Logical Disk Manager	Dmserver	services.exe or svchost.exe	Required by the MMC Disk Management plug-in.	Automatic
Logical Disk Manager Administrative Service	Dmadmin	dmadmin.exe /com	Administrative service for disk management requests	Manual
Message Queuing		mqsvc.exe	Message Queuing
Message Queuing Triggers		mqtgsvc.exe	Message Queuing
MS Software Shadow Copy Provider Service	swprv	dllhost.exe	Microsoft Backup Utility	Manual Disable if you never use Shadow Copy features.
Messenger	Messenger	Services.exe	Process the receipt or delivery of pop-up messages sent via NET SEND. Not related to Windows Messenger	Disabled vulnerability once used to send pop-up spam.
Network Connections	Netman	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Manage objects in the Network and Dial-Up Connections folder (LAN and remote connections.)	Manual
Net Logon	Netlogon	Lsass.exe (Local Security Authority Subsystem)	Network Authentication: maintains a synced domain directory database between the PDC and BDC(s), handles authentication of respective accounts on the DCs, and authenticates domain accounts on networked machines.	Automatic For stand-alone machines never connected to a domain set to Manual.
NetMeeting Remote Desktop Sharing	Nmnsrvc	mnmsrvc.exe	Allows authorized people to remotely access your Windows desktop using NetMeeting.	Manual. A good idea to Disable unless you plan to allow remote connections.
Network DDE	NetDDE	Netdde.exe	Support the network transport of DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) connections. Requires Network DDE DSDM to be started. See Clipbook service	Disabled
Network DDE DSDM	NetDDEdsdm	Netdde.exe	Manage shared DDE conversations (from shares like: \\computername\ndde$). See Clipbook service	Disabled
NLA - Network Location Awareness	nla	svchost.exe	Part of Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) and the Internet Connection Firewall (ICF)	Manual
Network Provisioning Service	xmlprov	svchost.exe	Manage XML configuration files on a domain basis	Manual
NT LM Security Support Provider	NtLmSsp	Services.exe	Extends NT security to Remote Procedure Call (RPC) programs using various transports other than named pipes. RPC activity is quite common, and most RPC apps don't use named pipes.	Manual
Performance Logs and Alerts (XP) Alerts and Performance Logs (Win 2K)	sysmonLog	smlogsvc.exe	Configure performance logs and alerts.	Manual. May be disabled if the alerts are not needed.
Plug and Play	PlugPlay	Services.exe	Plug and Play. Do not disable this service.	Automatic
Universal Plug and Play Host	UPNPhost	svchost.exe	Device Host detect and configure external UPnP devices. UPnP<>PnP	Manual
Portable Media Serial Number Service	WmdmPmSN	svchost.exe	Retrieves the serial number of any portable media player connected to this computer.	Manual Disable if you never use DRM music devices.
Print Spooler or Spooler	Spooler	Spoolsv.exe (Spoolss.exe in NT4)	The NT printing subsystem.	Automatic - If you print documents. If no printing is ever done set to manual (or disabled) Restarting this service will cancel all pending print jobs.
Protected Storage	ProtectedStorage	Pstores.exe	Encrypt and store secure info: SSL certificates, passwords for Outlook, Outlook Express, Profile Assistant, MS Wallet, and digitally signed S/MIME keys.	Automatic.
QoS RSVP	rsvp	rsvp.exe -s	Provide network signaling and local traffic control setup functionality for QoS-aware programs and control applets.	Manual
Remote Access Auto Connection Manager or Remote Access AutoDial Manager	Rasauto	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Activates automatic dial-up when a URL link is clicked. Required for some but not all RAS, ADSL or Cable connections.	Manual May be disabled if the machine has no internet access.
Remote Access Connection Manager	Rasman	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Required for most but not all RAS, ADSL or Cable connections.	Manual. Required for Internet Connection Sharing or accessing remote servers via RAS.
Remote Desktop Help Session Manager	RDSessMgr	sessmgr.exe	Remote Desktop Help Session Manager.	Manual May be disabled if RDP is never used.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Service or Remote Procedure Call (RPC)	RpcSs	svchost -k rpcss	This RPC subsystem is crucial to the operations of any RPC activities taking place on a system (e.g. DCOM)	Automatic Do not disable Many essential services are dependent on RPC.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Locator	RpcLocator	Locator.exe	Maintain the RPC name server database, requires the RPC service (below) to be started. Database of available server applications.	Manual.
Remote Registry Service (XP Pro only)	RemoteRegistry	regsvc.exe	Allow remote registry manipulation.	Automatic A good idea to disable this, unless you have some reason to allow remote registry editing.
Removable Storage	Ntmssvc	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Manage removable media, drives, and libraries.	Manual.
RIP Listener (XP - option)			Listen for RIP announcements from routers and modify the routing table accordingly.	To use the RIP Listener service, your adjacent routers must support the RIP v1 protocol. You'll find the RIP Listener service under Add/Remove Windows Components - Networking Services.
Routing and Remote Access	RemoteAccess	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Allow incoming connections via dial in or VPN. (WAN Routing)	Disabled
Secondary Logon (Win XP) RunAs (Win 2K)	secLogon	services.exe or svchost.exe	Enables starting processes under alternate credentials.	Automatic You may want to stop this service if you never use RunAs
Security Accounts Manager (Win 2K)	SamSs	lsass.exe	Stores security information for local user accounts.	Automatic
Security Center	wscsvc	svchost.exe	Monitor system security settings and configurations.	Automatic You may want to disable this if firewall and virus updates are controlled via other means.
Server	LanmanServer	Services.exe	Support for peer-to peer file sharing, print sharing, and named pipe sharing via SMB services.	Automatic May be disabled if you dont host file or print shares. (Admin$ shares)
Shell Hardware Detection	ShellHWDetection	svchost.exe	CD Autoplay	Automatic.
Smart Card	ScardSrv	SCardSvr.exe	Manages and controls access to a smart card inserted into a smart card reader attached to the computer.	Manual If you never use smart cards, Disable
Smart Card Helper	ScardDrv	SCardSvr.exe	legacy smart card readers	Removed in XP SP2
SNMP Service	Snmp	snmp.exe	Agents that monitor the activity in network devices and report to the network console workstation.	Automatic (if installed)
SSDP Discovery Service	SSDPSRV	svchost.exe	Simple Service Discovery Protocol. Enables discovery of UPnP devices on your home network	Manual May be disabled if as is likely you dont have any UPnP devices)
System Event Notification	SENS	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Track system events such as Windows logon, network, and power events. Notifiy COM+ Event System subscribers of these events.	Automatic.
System Restore Service	srservice	svchost.exe	Creates system snap shots. [ RESOURCE HOG ]	Automatic If the machine's configuration has been cloned/backed up - turn off System Restore in Control Panel, System.
Task Scheduler or Schedule	Schedule	atsvc.exe or mstask.exe	This service is required to schedule background tasks (run at a specific date & time) Under NT it's a Resource Hog. Under XP it's used by some auto-tuning operations.	Automatic
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper or TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service	lmHosts	Services.exe	Support for name resolution in a Windows 2000 domain . (Netbios/Wins) An alternative to DNS lookup.	Automatic If not required may be set to manual.
Telephony	TapiSrv	Tapisrv.exe	Telephony API (TAPI) support for programs that control telephony devices and IP based voice connections. e.g unimodem modems.	Manual
Telnet (Win 2K)	TlntSvr	tlntsvr.exe	Allows a remote user to log on to the system and run console programs using the command line.	Disabled Very insecure, presents a security risk when running.
Terminal Services	TermService	svchost.exe	Required for Fast User Switching, Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance	Manual If not required may be Disabled
Themes	Themes	svchost.exe	XP Active Desktop Themes, and quick launch toolbars [ RESOURCE HOG ]	Automatic Set to Manual or Disabled if you dont like themes.
UPS or Uninterruptible Power Supply	UPS	Ups.exe	Support for an Uninteruptable Power Supply (UPS) physically connected to the machine.	Manual Not every UPS will need or use this service.
Universal Plug and Play Host	UPNPhost	svchost.exe	Device Host detect and configure external UPnP devices. UPnP<>PnP	Manual
Upload Manager	uploadmgr	svchost.exe	Upload Manager.	Removed in XP SP2
Volume Shadow Copy	VSS	vssvc.exe	MS Backup - A volume shadow copy is a picture of the volume at a particular moment in time. That means a computer can be backed up while files are open and applications running.	Manual If not required may be disabled see MS Software Shadow Copy Provider Service
WebClient	WebClient	svchost.exe	Allow access to web-resident disk storage from an ISP. WebDAV "internet disks" such as Apple's iDisk.	Automatic If not required may be disabled
Windows Audio	AudioSrv	svchost.exe	Sound Driver Note that disabling the sound driver won't stop sounds from playing - you just won't hear them.	Automatic If no sound card fitted then disable.
Windows Firewall (XP SP2) Internet Connection Firewall (XP) Internet Connection Sharing (Win 2K)	SharedAccess	svchost.exe -k netsvcs	Network address translation, addressing, and name resolution services for all computers on your home network through a dial-up connection.	Automatic. For better protection consider adding a third party firewall.
Windows Image Acquisition	stisvc	svchost.exe	Required for some but not all cameras, scanners, and digital video cameras.	Manual
Windows Installer	MSIServer	MsiExec.exe /V	Install, repair and remove software according to instructions contained in .MSI files.	Manual
Windows Management Instrumentation	WinMgmt	C:\WINNT\System32 \WBEM\WinMgmt.exe	WMI provides system management information.	Automatic
Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions	Wmi	svchost.exe	Provides systems management information to and from drivers.	Manual
Windows Time	W32time	services.exe	Update the computer clock by reference to an internet time source or a time server.	Automatic
Wireless Zero Configuration	WZCSVC	svchost.exe	Configure wireless network devices (802.11a/b/g).	Automatic disable if you don't have any wireless devices.
WMI Performance Adapter	WmiApSrv	wmiapsrv.exe	Collect performance library information.	Manual
Workstation	lanmanworkstation	Services.exe	Communications and network connections. Services dependent on this being started: Alerter, Messenger, and Net Logon.	Automatic

It is inadvisable to disable a service without being aware of the consequences,

always start by setting the service to manual,

reboot and test for any problems.

A service set to manual may be automatically restarted if another service is dependent on it.
A service set to disabled will not restart even if it's required to boot the machine!

Stopping or disabling a service will generally save a small amount of memory and will reduce the number of software interrupts (cpu message queue.)

The main reason for tinkering with services is to harden the system against security vulnerabilities. Disable everything that you don't need or use -

then any future problems with those services cannot affect the machine.

To document all the services currently installed:

SC QUERY state= all |findstr "DISPLAY_NAME STATE" >my_services.csv

Some XP services communicate and send data directly to Microsoft, this is not generally something to lose sleep over.

Managing the running of these services may be a consideration if confidentiality/anonymity is highly important to you.

Removing a service completely

To delete a service, you may be tempted to hack the registry settings under (HKLM/SYSTEM/CurrentControlSet/Services)

this is not a reliable or recommended method, far better is to use the SC command:

SC delete NameofServiceTodelete

Built-in Service Accounts

In addition to other Default User & Group accounts there are 3 built-in accounts, designed for running background services.

Local Service Account (NT AUTHORITY\LOCAL SERVICE) - has the same level of access to resources and objects as

members of the Users group. This limited access helps safeguard the system if individual services or processes are compromised.

Services that run as the Local Service account access network resources as a null session without credentials.

(This account is not supported for running SQL Server services.)

Network Service Account (NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE) - has more access to resources

and objects than members of the Users group. Services that run as the Network Service account access

network resources by using the credentials of the computer account.

Local System Account (NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM) - a very high-privileged built-in account. It has extensive privileges on the local system and acts as the computer on the network.

In Windows 2008 a new feature was introduced: Managed Service Accounts which provide aut

omatic password management and simplified service principal name (SPN) management.

These accounts are created in Powershell with New-ADServiceAccount

Enable or Disable Ports
Many services and applications rely on the use of a specific PORT - to determine if a particular port is enabled for use, review the list of Service names and port numbers held in the "services" file ('windows\system32\drivers\etc\services')
Installing a good firewall is the easiest way to manage this.

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